CVE-2025-6545 — pbkdf2

Summary

This affects both:

1. Unsupported algos (e.g. sha3-256 / sha3-512 / sha512-256)
2. Supported but non-normalized algos (e.g. Sha256 / Sha512 / SHA1 / sha-1 / sha-256 / sha-512)

All of those work correctly in Node.js, but this polyfill silently returns highly predictable ouput

Under Node.js (only with pbkdf2/browser import, unlikely) / Bun (pbkdf2 top-level import is affected), the memory is not zero-filled but is uninitialized, as Buffer.allocUnsafe is used

Under browsers, it just returns zero-filled buffers (Which is also critical, those are completely unacceptable as kdf output and ruin security)

Were you affected?

The full list of arguments that were not affected were literal:

• 'md5'
• 'sha1'
• 'sha224'
• 'sha256'
• 'sha384'
• 'sha512'
• 'rmd160'
• 'ripemd160'

Any other arguments, e.g. representation variations of the above ones like 'SHA-1'/'sha-256'/'SHA512' or different algos like 'sha3-512'/'blake2b512', while supported on Node.js crypto module, returned predictable output on pbkdf2 (or crypto browser/bundlers polyfill)

Beware of packages re-exporting this under a different signature, like (abstract):

const crypto = require('crypto')
module.exports.deriveKey = (algo, pass, salt) => crypto.pbkdf2Sync(pass, salt, 2048, 64, algo)

In this case, the resulting deriveKey method is also affected (to the same extent / conditions as listed here).

Environments

This affects require('crypto') in polyfilled mode (e.g. from crypto-browserify, node-libs-browser, vite-plugin-node-polyfills, node-stdlib-browser, etc. -- basically everything that bundles/polfyills crypto

• In bundled code (e.g. Webpack / Vite / whatever), this affects require('crypto') and require('pbkdf2')
• On Node.js, this does not affect require('pbkdf2') (or require('crypto') obviously), but affects require('pbkdf2/browser')
• On Bun, this does affect require('pbkdf2') and require('pbkdf2/browser') (and returns uninitialized memory, often zeros / sparse flipped bytes)

PoC

const node = require('crypto')
const polyfill = require('pbkdf2/browser')

const algos = [
  'sha3-512', 'sha3-256', 'SHA3-384',
  'Sha256', 'Sha512', 'sha512-256',
  'SHA1', 'sha-1',
  'blake2b512',
  'RMD160', 'RIPEMD-160', 'ripemd-160',
]
for (const algo of algos) {
  for (const { pbkdf2Sync } of [node, polyfill]) {
    const key = pbkdf2Sync('secret', 'salt', 100000, 64, algo)
    console.log(`${algo}: ${key.toString('hex')}`);
  }
}

Output (odd lines are Node.js, even is pbkdf2 module / polyfill):

sha3-512: de00370414a3251d6d620dc8f7c371644e5d7f365ab23b116298a23fa4077b39deab802dd61714847a5c7e9981704ffe009aee5bb40f6f0103fc60f3d4cedfb0
sha3-512: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
sha3-256: 76bf06909b91e4c968700078ee36af92019d0839ab1fea2f345c6c8685074ca0179302633fbd84d22cff4f8744952b2d07edbfc9658e95d30fb4e93ee067c7c9
sha3-256: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SHA3-384: 2b2b41b73f9b7bcd023f709ea84ba3c29a88edc311b737856ba9e74a2d9a928f233eb8cb404a9ba93c276edf6380c692140024a0bc12b75bfa38626207915e01
SHA3-384: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Sha256: 3fa094211c0cf2ed1d332ab43adc69aab469f0e0f2cae6345c81bb874eef3f9eb2c629052ec272ca49c2ee95b33e7ba6377b2317cd0dacce92c4748d3c7a45f0
Sha256: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Sha512: 3745e482c6e0ade35da10139e797157f4a5da669dad7d5da88ef87e47471cc47ed941c7ad618e827304f083f8707f12b7cfdd5f489b782f10cc269e3c08d59ae
Sha512: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
sha512-256: e423f61987413121418715d0ebf64cb646042ae9a09fe4fd2c764a4f186ba28cf70823fdc2b03dda67a0d977c6f0a0612e5ed74a11e6f32b033cb658fa9f270d
sha512-256: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
SHA1: 0e24bc5a548b236e3eb3b22317ef805664a88747c725cd35bfb0db0e4ae5539e3ed5cd5ba8c0ac018deb6518059788c8fffbe624f614fbbe62ba6a6e174e4a72
SHA1: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
sha-1: 0e24bc5a548b236e3eb3b22317ef805664a88747c725cd35bfb0db0e4ae5539e3ed5cd5ba8c0ac018deb6518059788c8fffbe624f614fbbe62ba6a6e174e4a72
sha-1: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
blake2b512: d3d661100c5ffb79bdf3b5c77d1698e621414cba40e2348bd3f1b10fbd2fe97bff4dc7d76474955bfefa61179f2a37e9dddedced0e7e79ef9d8c678080d45926
blake2b512: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
RMD160: ec65dbad1485616cf0426725d64e009ad3e1633543746ccb56b7f06eb7ce51d0249aaef27c879f32911a7c0accdc83389c2948ddec439114f6165366f9b4cca2
RMD160: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
RIPEMD-160: ec65dbad1485616cf0426725d64e009ad3e1633543746ccb56b7f06eb7ce51d0249aaef27c879f32911a7c0accdc83389c2948ddec439114f6165366f9b4cca2
RIPEMD-160: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
ripemd-160: ec65dbad1485616cf0426725d64e009ad3e1633543746ccb56b7f06eb7ce51d0249aaef27c879f32911a7c0accdc83389c2948ddec439114f6165366f9b4cca2
ripemd-160: 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Uninitialized memory

const { pbkdf2Sync } = require('pbkdf2/browser') // or just 'pbkdf2' on Bun will do this too

let prev
for (let i = 0; i < 100000; i++) {
  const key = pbkdf2Sync('secret', 'salt', 100000, 64, 'sha3-256')
  const hex = key.toString('hex')
  if (hex !== prev) console.log(hex);
  prev = hex
}

Affected versions

Seems to be since https://github.com/browserify/pbkdf2/commit/9699045c37a07f8319cfb8d44e2ff4252d7a7078

Impact

This is critical, browserifying code might silently generate zero-filled keys instead of proper ones, for code that was working on Node.js or in test environment

Just updating to a fixed version is not enough: if anyone was using pbkdf2 lib (e.g. via crypto-browserify or directly) on algos not from the literal string list (see "were you affected"), recheck where those keys went / how they were used, and take action accordingly

Note

Most likely, you receive this either through a subdep using pbkdf2 module directly (and then it is used), or through crypto-browserify (and the usage depends on whether you or any of your subdeps were calling pbkdf2/pbkdf2Sync methods from Node.js crypto inside your bundle)

When targeting non-Node.js, prever avoiding Node.js crypto polyfill at all, and use crypto.subtle and/or modern/audited cryptography primitives instead