GHSA-xq52-rv6w-397c is a medium-severity (CVSS 4.4) CWE-95 vulnerability in secure_headers. 1 public exploit reference exists, so weaponization risk is real. O3 Security confirms whether GHSA-xq52-rv6w-397c is actually reachable in your code before you act, and blocks exploitation at runtime until you patch.
Directive injection when using dynamic overrides with user input
EPSS Exploitation Probability
EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System) is a daily probability model maintained by FIRST.org. It estimates the likelihood a CVE will be exploited in production environments within the next 30 days, derived from real-world threat intelligence signals.
How urgent is this, really
GHSA-xq52-rv6w-397c plotted by exploitation likelihood (EPSS) against impact (CVSS). The shaded corner — EPSS 50%+ and CVSS 7.0+ — is where this CVE doesn't sit, though severity or exploitability alone can still warrant action.
Where this sits among everything scored
Of 0 CVEs with a current EPSS score, this one falls in the < 10% band (highlighted). Real counts from FIRST.org, not a sample — log-scaled since the landscape is heavily right-skewed.
Real-World Exposure
secure_headers💎secure_headers💎secure_headersReal-time download stats are indexed for npm and PyPI packages. This vulnerability affects RubyGems packages — download data is not available via public APIs for these ecosystems.
Description
Impact
If user-supplied input was passed into append/override_content_security_policy_directives, a semicolon could be injected leading to directive injection.
This could be used to e.g. override a script-src directive. Duplicate directives are ignored and the first one wins. The directives in secure_headers are sorted alphabetically so they pretty much all come before script-src. A previously undefined directive would receive a value even if SecureHeaders::OPT_OUT was supplied.
The fixed versions will silently convert the semicolons to spaces and emit a deprecation warning when this happens. This will result in innocuous browser console messages if being exploited/accidentally used. In future releases, we will raise application errors resulting in 500s.
Duplicate script-src directives detected. All but the first instance will be ignored.
See https://www.w3.org/TR/CSP3/#parse-serialized-policy
Note: In this case, the user agent SHOULD notify developers that a duplicate directive was ignored. A console warning might be appropriate, for example.
Patches
Depending on what major version you are using, the fixed versions are 6.2.0, 5.1.0, 3.8.0.
Workarounds
If you are passing user input into the above methods, you could filter out the input:
override_content_security_policy_directives(:frame_src, [user_input.gsub(";", " ")])
References
Reported in https://github.com/twitter/secure_headers/issues/418 https://www.w3.org/TR/CSP3/#parse-serialized-policy
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory:
- Open an issue in this repo
- DM @ndm on twitter
Affected Packages
| Ecosystem | Package | Vulnerable range | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|
| 💎RubyGems | secure_headers | ≥ 6.0.0&&< 6.2.0 | 6.2.0 |
| 💎RubyGems | secure_headers | ≥ 5.0.0&&< 5.1.0 | 5.1.0 |
| 💎RubyGems | secure_headers | all versions | 3.8.0 |
Research use only. For defensive security, authorized penetration testing, and academic research only. Never execute exploit code against systems without explicit written authorization.
Detection & mitigation playbook
Open-source dependencyDetect
Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for secure_headers. O3's reachability analysis confirms whether the vulnerable code path is actually invoked in your application, so you act on real exposure instead of every transitive match.
Fix
Update secure_headers to 6.2.0 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms GHSA-xq52-rv6w-397c is resolved across your whole dependency graph.
Workarounds
If you can't upgrade right away: gate or disable the affected feature, validate untrusted input at the boundary, and avoid passing attacker-controlled data into the vulnerable path. O3's runtime protection blocks exploitation in production as an interim safeguard until the upgrade lands.
How O3 protects you
O3 pinpoints whether GHSA-xq52-rv6w-397c is reachable in your code and exactly where to fix it, then blocks exploitation in production at runtime until the patched version is deployed.
Tailored to GHSA-xq52-rv6w-397c. Runtime protection reduces exposure until a permanent patch is applied and verified — it complements patching, it doesn't replace it.
Fixing This On Your OS
If you run this on a Linux distribution, patch through your package manager against the distro's own security advisory below — it tracks the exact backported fix for your release, which can ship on a different timeline (and sometimes a different severity) than the upstream project.
Satellite 6 ships Secure Header rubygem, however it does not accept any user input in override_content_security_policy_directive or append_content_security_policy_directive. All directives are hard-coded and therefore, Satellite 6 is not vulnerable to this CVE. We may update this rubygem in future release.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is GHSA-xq52-rv6w-397c in your dependencies?
O3 detects GHSA-xq52-rv6w-397c across RubyGems dependencies and uses function-level reachability to confirm whether the vulnerable code path is actually reachable — not just present. No false positives.