How severe is CVE-2025-23215?

No CVSS score has been assigned to CVE-2025-23215 yet. Review the advisory details and affected package list to assess your exposure.

Which packages are affected by CVE-2025-23215?

CVE-2025-23215 affects the following packages: net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-designer (Maven), net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-ui (Maven), net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-core (Maven). Ecosystems affected: Maven.

How do I fix CVE-2025-23215?

Update net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-designer to 7.10.0 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms CVE-2025-23215 is resolved across your whole dependency graph.

How do I detect CVE-2025-23215 in my Maven dependencies?

Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-designer, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.

How do I mitigate CVE-2025-23215 if there is no patch (or I can't update yet)?

If you can't upgrade right away: gate or disable the affected feature, validate untrusted input at the boundary, and avoid passing attacker-controlled data into the vulnerable path. O3's runtime protection blocks exploitation in production as an interim safeguard until the upgrade lands.

How does O3 Security protect against CVE-2025-23215?

O3 Security's impact-aware SCA analyses which vulnerable code paths your application actually calls, so a match like CVE-2025-23215 can be triaged on real exposure rather than presence alone.

Is CVE-2025-23215 actively exploited in the wild?

No public exploit code has been indexed for CVE-2025-23215 yet. This does not mean the vulnerability cannot be exploited — absence of public exploits does not imply safety. Apply the recommended fix and use O3 Security to monitor your exposure.

What is the EPSS score for CVE-2025-23215?

CVE-2025-23215 has an EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System) score of 0.3%, placing it in the 23th percentile of all CVEs. EPSS is maintained by FIRST.org and estimates the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited in the wild within the next 30 days. This score indicates relatively lower exploitation probability, though the CVSS severity should still guide your patching priority.

What type of vulnerability is CVE-2025-23215?

CVE-2025-23215 is classified as Information Exposure (CWE-200), CWE-312 (CWE-312), CWE-540 (CWE-540). These weakness types describe the underlying flaw category, which helps determine the potential impact and the right class of mitigation.

When was CVE-2025-23215 published, and has it been updated?

CVE-2025-23215 was published on January 31, 2025 and was last updated on August 12, 2026. Advisory data evolves as severity scores, affected ranges, and exploit intelligence are revised — always check the latest version of the advisory before acting.

☕ Maven

Not in CISA KEV

CVE-2025-23215 — pmd-designer

Fix: pmd/pmd-designer@1548f5f

CVE-2025-23215 is a Information Exposure vulnerability in net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-designer. A fix is available for net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-designer — see the affected versions and patch details below.

PMD Designer's release key passphrase (GPG) available on Maven Central in cleartext

Also known asGHSA-88m4-h43f-wx84

Published

Jan 31, 2025

Updated

Aug 12, 2026

Affected

3 pkgs

Patched

2 / 3

Exploits

None indexed

Exploitation data as of Sep 24, 2026 · OSV.dev, NVD, FIRST.org (EPSS)

Exploitation Status

No confirmed exploitation observed yet

CISA assesses this as automatable — exploitation doesn’t require manual, per-target effort, which raises the odds of mass scanning and opportunistic attacks.
A successful exploit gives an attacker total control of the affected component, not partial access.
CISA’s own triage has not observed active exploitation or public proof-of-concept code for this CVE as of its last assessment.

Exploitation and automatability from CISA’s SSVC triage for CVE-2025-23215.

EPSS Exploitation Probability

via FIRST.org ↗

0.3%probability of exploitation in next 30 days

Lower Risk0.00%

Lower risk than most CVEs23th percentile — riskier than 23% of all scored CVEsHighest risk

EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System) is a daily probability model maintained by FIRST.org. It estimates the likelihood a CVE will be exploited in production environments within the next 30 days, derived from real-world threat intelligence signals.

Real-World Exposure

3 pkgs affected

☕net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-designer☕net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-ui☕net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-core

Real-time download stats are indexed for npm and PyPI packages. This vulnerability affects Maven packages — download data is not available via public APIs for these ecosystems.

Description

Summary

While rebuilding PMD Designer for Reproducible Builds and digging into issues, I found out that passphrase for gpg.keyname=0xD0BF1D737C9A1C22 is included in jar published to Maven Central.

Details

See https://github.com/jvm-repo-rebuild/reproducible-central/blob/master/content/net/sourceforge/pmd/pmd-designer/README.md

I removed 2 lines from https://github.com/jvm-repo-rebuild/reproducible-central/blob/master/content/net/sourceforge/pmd/pmd-designer/pmd-designer-7.0.0.diffoscope but real content is:

├── net/sourceforge/pmd/util/fxdesigner/designer.properties
│ @@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
│  #Properties
│  checkstyle.plugin.version=3.3.1
│  checkstyle.version=10.14.0
│ -gpg.keyname=0xD0BF1D737C9A1C22
│ -gpg.passphrase=evicx0nuPfvSVhVyeXpw
│  jar.plugin.version=3.3.0
│ -java.version=11.0.22
│ +java.version=11.0.25
│  javadoc.plugin.version=3.6.3
│  jflex-output=/home/runner/work/pmd-designer/pmd-designer/target/generated-sources/jflex
│  junit5.version=5.8.2
│  kotest.version=5.5.5
│  kotlin.version=1.7.20
│  local.lib.repo=/home/runner/work/pmd-designer/pmd-designer/lib/mvn-repo
│  openjfx.scope=provided

PoC

./rebuild.sh content/net/sourceforge/pmd/pmd-designer/pmd-designer-7.0.0.buildspec

Impact

After further analysis, the passphrase of the following two keys have been compromised:

94A5 2756 9CAF 7A47 AFCA BDE4 86D3 7ECA 8C2E 4C5B: PMD Designer (Release Signing Key) [email protected] This key has been used since 2019 with the release of net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-ui:6.14.0. The following versions are signed with the same key: 6.16.0, 6.17.0, 6.19.0.
EBB2 41A5 45CB 17C8 7FAC B2EB D0BF 1D73 7C9A 1C22: PMD Release Signing Key [email protected] This key has been used since 2020 with the release of net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-ui:6.21.0 and all the other modules of PMD such as net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-core:6.21.0.
This key has also been used for PMD 7, for the designer, e.g. net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-designer:7.0.0 and net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-core:7.0.0. The versions between 6.21.0 and 7.9.0 are signed with this key.
Additionally the key has been used to sign the last release of PMD Eclipse Plugin 7.9.0.v20241227-1626-r.

The keys have been used exclusively for signing artifacts that we published to Maven Central under group id net.sourceforge.pmd and once for our pmd-eclipse-plugin. The private key itself is not known to have been compromised itself, but given its passphrase is, it must also be considered potentially compromised.

As a mitigation, both compromised keys have been revoked so that no future use of the keys are possible. For future releases of PMD, PMD Designer and PMD Eclipse Plugin we use a new release signing key: 2EFA 55D0 785C 31F9 56F2 F87E A0B5 CA1A 4E08 6838 (PMD Release Signing Key [email protected]).

Note, that the published artifacts in Maven Central under the group id net.sourceforge.pmd are not compromised and the signatures are valid. No other past usages of the private key is known to the project and no future use is possible due to the revocation. If anybody finds a past abuse of the private key, please share with us.

Note, the module net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-ui has been renamed to net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-designer since PMD 7, so there won't be a fixed version for pmd-ui.

Fixes

Reworked build script in PMD Designer to not include all system properties
- https://github.com/pmd/pmd-designer/commit/1548f5f27ba2981b890827fecbd0612fa70a0362
- https://github.com/pmd/pmd-designer/commit/e87a45312753ec46b3e5576c6f6ac1f7de2f5891

References

Affected Packages

3 total 2 fixed

Ecosystem	Package	Vulnerable range	Fix
☕Maven	`net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-designer`	≥ 7.0.0&&< 7.10.0	7.10.0`net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-designer:7.10.0`
☕Maven	`net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-ui`	≥ 6.14.0	No fix
☕Maven	`net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-core`	≥ 6.21.0&&< 7.10.0	7.10.0`net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-core:7.10.0`

Detection & mitigation playbook

Open-source dependency

Detect
Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-designer, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.
Fix
Update net.sourceforge.pmd:pmd-designer to 7.10.0 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms CVE-2025-23215 is resolved across your whole dependency graph.
Workarounds
If you can't upgrade right away: gate or disable the affected feature, validate untrusted input at the boundary, and avoid passing attacker-controlled data into the vulnerable path. O3's runtime protection blocks exploitation in production as an interim safeguard until the upgrade lands.
How O3 protects you
O3 Security's impact-aware SCA analyses which vulnerable code paths your application actually calls, so a match like CVE-2025-23215 can be triaged on real exposure rather than presence alone.

Tailored to CVE-2025-23215. Runtime protection reduces exposure until a permanent patch is applied and verified — it complements patching, it doesn't replace it.

Frequently Asked Questions

### Summary While rebuilding [PMD Designer](https://github.com/pmd/pmd-designer) for Reproducible Builds and digging into issues, I found out that passphrase for `gpg.keyname=0xD0BF1D737C9A1C22` is included in jar published to Maven Central. ### Details See https://github.com/jvm-repo-rebuild/reproducible-central/blob/master/content/net/sourceforge/pmd/pmd-designer/README.md I removed 2 lines from https://github.com/jvm-repo-rebuild/reproducible-central/blob/master/content/net/sourceforge/pmd/pmd-designer/pmd-designer-7.0.0.diffoscope but real content is: ``` ├── net/sourceforge/pmd/util/fx

O3 Security · Impact-Aware SCA

Is CVE-2025-23215 in your dependencies?

O3 Security finds CVE-2025-23215 across Maven dependencies, including transitive ones, and its impact-aware SCA ranks findings by whether your code actually calls the vulnerable path.

Scan my dependencies How O3 SCA works