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MEDIUM severity

Tinfoil Devise-two-factor does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (OTP)GHSA-x489-jjwm-52g7

MEDIUM

GHSA-x489-jjwm-52g7 is a medium-severity (CVSS 5.3) CWE-254 vulnerability in devise-two-factor. A fix is available for devise-two-factor — see the affected versions and patch details below.

Also known asCVE-2015-7225
Published
Updated
Affected
1 pkg
Patched
1 / 1
Exploits
None indexed
Exploitation data as of Nov 7, 2026 · OSV.dev, NVD, FIRST.org (EPSS)

EPSS Exploitation Probability

via FIRST.org ↗
2.1%probability of exploitation in next 30 days
Lower Risk0.00%
Lower risk than most CVEs81th percentile — riskier than 81% of all scored CVEsHighest risk
0.15%0.95%1.75%2.56%0.6%2.1%May 26Sep 26Nov 26

Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, from FIRST.org EPSS.

How urgent is this, really

Where this sits among everything scored

Real-World Exposure

1 pkg affected
💎devise-two-factor

Real-time download stats are indexed for npm and PyPI packages. This vulnerability affects RubyGems packages — download data is not available via public APIs for these ecosystems.

Description

Tinfoil Devise-two-factor before 2.0.0 does not strictly follow RFC 6238 § 5.2 and does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (aka OTP), which allows physically proximate attackers with a target user's login credentials to log in as said user by obtaining the OTP through performing a man-in-the-middle attack between the provider and verifier, or "shoulder surfing", and replaying the OTP in the current time-step.

Affected Packages

1 total 1 fixed
EcosystemPackageVulnerable rangeFix
💎RubyGemsdevise-two-factorall versions2.0.0bundle update devise-two-factor --conservative

Affected Products

1 product · 1 configurations
Application
devise-two-factortinfoilsecurity
≤ 1.1.0
range

Detection & mitigation playbook

Open-source dependency

  1. Detect

    Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for devise-two-factor, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.

  2. Fix

    Update devise-two-factor to 2.0.0 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms GHSA-x489-jjwm-52g7 is resolved across your whole dependency graph.

  3. Workarounds

    If you can't upgrade right away: gate or disable the affected feature, validate untrusted input at the boundary, and avoid passing attacker-controlled data into the vulnerable path. O3's runtime protection blocks exploitation in production as an interim safeguard until the upgrade lands.

Frequently Asked Questions

Tinfoil Devise-two-factor before 2.0.0 does not strictly follow [RFC 6238 § 5.2 ](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6238#section-5.2) and does not "burn" a successfully validated one-time password (aka OTP), which allows physically proximate attackers with a target user's login credentials to log in as said user by obtaining the OTP through performing a man-in-the-middle attack between the provider and verifier, or "shoulder surfing", and replaying the OTP in the current time-step.
O3 Security · Impact-Aware SCA

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Tinfoil Devise-two-factor does not "burn" a successfully…