How severe is GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v?

GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v has a CVSS score of 5/10, rated MEDIUM. Review your exposure and patch according to your risk tolerance.

Which packages are affected by GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v?

GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v affects the following packages: koa (npm), koa (npm). Ecosystems affected: npm.

How do I fix GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v?

Update koa to 2.16.1 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v is resolved across your whole dependency graph.

How do I detect GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v in my npm dependencies?

Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for koa. O3's reachability analysis confirms whether the vulnerable code path is actually invoked in your application, so you act on real exposure instead of every transitive match.

How do I mitigate GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v if there is no patch (or I can't update yet)?

If you can't upgrade right away: gate or disable the affected feature, validate untrusted input at the boundary, and avoid passing attacker-controlled data into the vulnerable path. O3's runtime protection blocks exploitation in production as an interim safeguard until the upgrade lands.

How does O3 Security protect against GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v?

O3 pinpoints whether GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v is reachable in your code and exactly where to fix it, then blocks exploitation in production at runtime until the patched version is deployed.

Is GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v actively exploited in the wild?

No public exploit code has been indexed for GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v yet. This does not mean the vulnerability cannot be exploited — absence of public exploits does not imply safety. Apply the recommended fix and use O3 Security to monitor your exposure.

What is the EPSS score for GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v?

GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v has an EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System) score of 0.2%, placing it in the 12th percentile of all CVEs. EPSS is maintained by FIRST.org and estimates the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited in the wild within the next 30 days. This score indicates relatively lower exploitation probability, though the CVSS severity should still guide your patching priority.

What type of vulnerability is GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v?

GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v is classified as Cross-site Scripting (XSS) (CWE-79). This weakness type describe the underlying flaw category, which helps determine the potential impact and the right class of mitigation. This is a high-impact weakness class that often enables remote code execution or data exposure.

When was GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v published, and has it been updated?

GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v was published on April 9, 2025 and was last updated on April 9, 2025. Advisory data evolves as severity scores, affected ranges, and exploit intelligence are revised — always check the latest version of the advisory before acting.

📦 npm

GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v

MEDIUM

Koajs vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) at ctx.redirect() function

Also known asCVE-2025-32379

Published

Apr 9, 2025

Updated

Apr 9, 2025

Affected

2 pkgs

Patched

2 / 2

Exploits

None indexed

EPSS Exploitation Probability

via FIRST.org ↗

0.2%probability of exploitation in next 30 days

Lower Risk12th percentile-0.10%

EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System) is a daily probability model maintained by FIRST.org. It estimates the likelihood a CVE will be exploited in production environments within the next 30 days, derived from real-world threat intelligence signals.

Blast Radius

2 pkgs affected

📦koa📦koa

Real-time download stats are indexed for npm and PyPI packages. This vulnerability affects npm packages — download data is not available via public APIs for these ecosystems.

Description

Summary

In koa < 2.16.1 and < 3.0.0-alpha.5, passing untrusted user input to ctx.redirect() even after sanitizing it, may execute javascript code on the user who use the app.

Patches

This issue is patched in 2.16.1 and 3.0.0-alpha.5.

PoC

Coming soon...

Impact

Redirect user to another phishing site
Make request to another endpoint of the application based on user's cookie
Steal user's cookie

Affected Packages

2 total 2 fixed

Ecosystem	Package	Vulnerable range	Fix
📦npm	`koa`	all versions	2.16.1
📦npm	`koa`	≥ 3.0.0-alpha.1&&< 3.0.0-alpha.5	3.0.0-alpha.5

Detection & mitigation playbook

Open-source dependency

Detect
Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for koa. O3's reachability analysis confirms whether the vulnerable code path is actually invoked in your application, so you act on real exposure instead of every transitive match.
Fix
Update koa to 2.16.1 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v is resolved across your whole dependency graph.
Workarounds
If you can't upgrade right away: gate or disable the affected feature, validate untrusted input at the boundary, and avoid passing attacker-controlled data into the vulnerable path. O3's runtime protection blocks exploitation in production as an interim safeguard until the upgrade lands.
How O3 protects you
O3 pinpoints whether GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v is reachable in your code and exactly where to fix it, then blocks exploitation in production at runtime until the patched version is deployed.

Tailored to GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v. Runtime protection reduces exposure until a permanent patch is applied and verified — it complements patching, it doesn't replace it.

Frequently Asked Questions

### Summary In koa < 2.16.1 and < 3.0.0-alpha.5, passing untrusted user input to ctx.redirect() even after sanitizing it, may execute javascript code on the user who use the app. ### Patches This issue is patched in 2.16.1 and 3.0.0-alpha.5. ### PoC Coming soon... ### Impact 1. Redirect user to another phishing site 2. Make request to another endpoint of the application based on user's cookie 3. Steal user's cookie

O3 Security · Impact-Aware SCA

Is GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v in your dependencies?

O3 detects GHSA-x2rg-q646-7m2v across npm dependencies and uses function-level reachability to confirm whether the vulnerable code path is actually reachable — not just present. No false positives.

Scan my dependencies How O3 SCA works