GHSA-jm35-h8q2-73mp — devise-two-factor
MEDIUMGHSA-jm35-h8q2-73mp is a medium-severity (CVSS 5.3) CWE-254 vulnerability in devise-two-factor. A fix is available for devise-two-factor — see the affected versions and patch details below.
Improper one time password handling in devise-two-factor
EPSS Exploitation Probability
EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System) is a daily probability model maintained by FIRST.org. It estimates the likelihood a CVE will be exploited in production environments within the next 30 days, derived from real-world threat intelligence signals.
How urgent is this, really
GHSA-jm35-h8q2-73mp plotted by exploitation likelihood (EPSS) against impact (CVSS). The shaded corner — EPSS 50%+ and CVSS 7.0+ — is where this CVE doesn't sit, though severity or exploitability alone can still warrant action.
Where this sits among everything scored
Of 378,567 CVEs with a current EPSS score, this one falls in the < 10% band (highlighted). Real counts from FIRST.org, not a sample — log-scaled since the landscape is heavily right-skewed.
Real-World Exposure
devise-two-factorReal-time download stats are indexed for npm and PyPI packages. This vulnerability affects RubyGems packages — download data is not available via public APIs for these ecosystems.
Description
Impact
As a result of an incomplete fix for CVE-2015-7225, in versions of devise-two-factor prior to 4.0.2 it is possible to reuse a One-Time-Password (OTP) for one (and only one) immediately trailing interval.
Patches
This vulnerability has been patched in version 4.0.2 which was released on March 24th, 2022. Individuals using this package are strongly encouraged to upgrade as soon as possible.
Credit for discovery
Benoit Côté-Jodoin Michael Nipper - https://github.com/tinfoil/devise-two-factor/issues/106
Affected Packages
| Ecosystem | Package | Vulnerable range | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|
| 💎RubyGems | devise-two-factor | all versions | 4.0.2bundle update devise-two-factor --conservative |
Detection & mitigation playbook
Open-source dependencyDetect
Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for devise-two-factor, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.
Fix
Update devise-two-factor to 4.0.2 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms GHSA-jm35-h8q2-73mp is resolved across your whole dependency graph.
Workarounds
If you can't upgrade right away: gate or disable the affected feature, validate untrusted input at the boundary, and avoid passing attacker-controlled data into the vulnerable path. O3's runtime protection blocks exploitation in production as an interim safeguard until the upgrade lands.
How O3 protects you
O3 Security's impact-aware SCA analyses which vulnerable code paths your application actually calls, so a match like GHSA-jm35-h8q2-73mp can be triaged on real exposure rather than presence alone.
Tailored to GHSA-jm35-h8q2-73mp. Runtime protection reduces exposure until a permanent patch is applied and verified — it complements patching, it doesn't replace it.
Fixing This On Your OS
If you run this on a Linux distribution, patch through your package manager against the distro's own security advisory below — it tracks the exact backported fix for your release, which can ship on a different timeline (and sometimes a different severity) than the upstream project.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is GHSA-jm35-h8q2-73mp in your dependencies?
O3 Security finds GHSA-jm35-h8q2-73mp across RubyGems dependencies, including transitive ones, and its impact-aware SCA ranks findings by whether your code actually calls the vulnerable path.