CVE-2026-40076 — openmrs-web

Affected Versions

version ≤ 2.7.8 (latest version at time of disclosure)

https://github.com/openmrs/openmrs-core

Impact

The endpoint POST /openmrs/ws/rest/v1/module is vulnerable to a path traversal (Zip Slip) attack. An authenticated attacker can upload a crafted .omod archive containing ZIP entries with directory traversal sequences. Upon automatic extraction by the server, the incomplete path validation in WebModuleUtil.startModule() fails to prevent entries such as web/module/../../../../malicious.jsp from being written outside the intended module directory. If the traversal target falls within the web application root (e.g., /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/openmrs/), the attacker achieves arbitrary file write and subsequent Remote Code Execution.

Notably, other extraction methods in the same codebase (ModuleUtil.expandJar(), TestInstallUtil.addZippedTestModules()) are properly protected with normalize().startsWith() checks — this vulnerability is an oversight where the same fix was not applied.

Furthermore, the module.allow_web_admin runtime property, which is intended to restrict administrators from managing modules via the web interface, only gates the Legacy UI controller entry point. The REST API endpoint POST /openmrs/ws/rest/v1/module does not check this property, allowing this restriction to be fully bypassed.

Steps to Reproduce

1. Construct a malicious .omod file (which is a ZIP/JAR archive) containing a ZIP entry with a path traversal payload in its entry name, such as web/module/../../../../<target_filename>. Upload this file to POST /openmrs/ws/rest/v1/module with valid admin credentials via Basic Auth.

1. The server parses and loads the module. During WebModuleUtil.startModule(), entries under web/module/ are automatically extracted. The existing check Paths.get(name).startsWith("..") only blocks entries beginning with .., so an entry starting with web/module/ passes the check. The ../ sequences in the remaining path cause the file to be written outside the intended WEB-INF/view/module/ directory — for example, into the web application root at /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/openmrs/.

1. The traversed file is now accessible under the web application root. If the written file is a JSP script, accessing it via the browser triggers server-side execution, achieving RCE.

Root Cause Analysis

The vulnerability exists in WebModuleUtil.startModule() (web/src/main/java/org/openmrs/module/web/WebModuleUtil.java).

Vulnerable code:

Enumeration<JarEntry> entries = jarFile.entries();
while (entries.hasMoreElements()) {
    JarEntry entry = entries.nextElement();
    String name = entry.getName();

    // ❌ Incomplete check — only blocks entries starting with ".."
    if (Paths.get(name).startsWith("..")) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("...");
    }

    if (name.startsWith("web/module/")) {
        String filepath = name.substring(11);
        StringBuilder absPath = new StringBuilder(realPath + "/WEB-INF");
        absPath.append("/view/module/");
        absPath.append(mod.getModuleIdAsPath()).append("/").append(filepath);

        // ❌ No normalize() or startsWith() boundary check before writing
        File outFile = new File(absPath.toString().replace("/", File.separator));
        outStream = new FileOutputStream(outFile, false);
        inStream = jarFile.getInputStream(entry);
        OpenmrsUtil.copyFile(inStream, outStream);
    }
}

Why the check fails: For an entry named web/module/foo/../../../../evil.jsp, Paths.get(name) starts with web, not .., so the check passes. After name.substring(11), the filepath foo/../../../../evil.jsp is concatenated directly into the output path without normalization, resulting in a write outside the intended directory.

Correctly protected code in the same codebase:

ModuleUtil.expandJar():

// ✅ Correct — uses normalize().startsWith()
if (!parent.toPath().normalize().startsWith(docBase)) {
    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("...");
}

TestInstallUtil.addZippedTestModules():

// ✅ Correct — uses normalize().startsWith()
if (!zipEntryFile.toPath().normalize().startsWith(moduleRepository.toPath().normalize())) {
    throw new IOException("Bad zip entry");
}

The fix pattern is already known and applied elsewhere in the codebase. WebModuleUtil.startModule() is an oversight.

Bypass of module.allow_web_admin

The module.allow_web_admin property only restricts module operations at the Legacy UI layer (ModuleListController). The REST API endpoint does not consult this property:

Legacy UI:  POST /admin/modules/moduleList.form → allowAdmin() check → [BLOCKED]
REST API:   POST /ws/rest/v1/module             → No allowAdmin() check → [ALLOWED]
                ↓
        ModuleFactory.loadModule()
                ↓
        WebModuleUtil.startModule()   ← Zip Slip here, no allowAdmin check
                ↓
        FileOutputStream.write()      ← Arbitrary file write

Remediation

Add normalize().startsWith() boundary validation before writing, consistent with the existing pattern in ModuleUtil.expandJar():

File outFile = new File(absPath.toString().replace("/", File.separator));

// ✅ Add this check
if (!outFile.toPath().normalize().startsWith(
        Paths.get(realPath, "WEB-INF").normalize())) {
    throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
        "Zip entry '" + name + "' would be written outside the allowed directory.");
}

Additionally, enforce the module.allow_web_admin restriction consistently across all module upload entry points, including the REST API.