How severe is CVE-2026-28456?

No CVSS score has been assigned to CVE-2026-28456 yet. Review the advisory details and affected package list to assess your exposure.

Which packages are affected by CVE-2026-28456?

CVE-2026-28456 affects the following packages: openclaw (npm). Ecosystems affected: npm.

How do I fix CVE-2026-28456?

Update openclaw to 2026.2.14 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms CVE-2026-28456 is resolved across your whole dependency graph.

How do I detect CVE-2026-28456 in my npm dependencies?

Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for openclaw, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.

How do I mitigate CVE-2026-28456 if there is no patch (or I can't update yet)?

If you can't upgrade right away: gate or disable the affected feature, validate untrusted input at the boundary, and avoid passing attacker-controlled data into the vulnerable path. O3's runtime protection blocks exploitation in production as an interim safeguard until the upgrade lands.

How does O3 Security protect against CVE-2026-28456?

O3 Security's impact-aware SCA analyses which vulnerable code paths your application actually calls, so a match like CVE-2026-28456 can be triaged on real exposure rather than presence alone.

Is CVE-2026-28456 actively exploited in the wild?

No public exploit code has been indexed for CVE-2026-28456 yet. This does not mean the vulnerability cannot be exploited — absence of public exploits does not imply safety. Apply the recommended fix and use O3 Security to monitor your exposure.

What is the EPSS score for CVE-2026-28456?

CVE-2026-28456 has an EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System) score of 0.4%, placing it in the 35th percentile of all CVEs. EPSS is maintained by FIRST.org and estimates the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited in the wild within the next 30 days. This score indicates relatively lower exploitation probability, though the CVSS severity should still guide your patching priority.

What type of vulnerability is CVE-2026-28456?

CVE-2026-28456 is classified as CWE-427 (CWE-427). This weakness type describe the underlying flaw category, which helps determine the potential impact and the right class of mitigation.

When was CVE-2026-28456 published, and has it been updated?

CVE-2026-28456 was published on March 5, 2026 and was last updated on August 12, 2026. Advisory data evolves as severity scores, affected ranges, and exploit intelligence are revised — always check the latest version of the advisory before acting.

📦 npm

Not in CISA KEV

CVE-2026-28456 — openclaw

Fix: openclaw/openclaw@35c0e66

CVE-2026-28456 is a CWE-427 vulnerability in openclaw. A fix is available for openclaw — see the affected versions and patch details below.

OpenClaw 2026.1.5 < 2026.2.14 - Arbitrary Code Execution via Unsafe Hook Module Path Handling

Also known asGHSA-v6c6-vqqg-w888

Published

Mar 5, 2026

Updated

Aug 12, 2026

Affected

1 pkg

Patched

1 / 1

Exploits

None indexed

Exploitation data as of Sep 19, 2026 · OSV.dev, NVD, FIRST.org (EPSS)

Exploitation Status

No confirmed exploitation observed yet

A successful exploit gives an attacker total control of the affected component, not partial access.
CISA’s own triage has not observed active exploitation or public proof-of-concept code for this CVE as of its last assessment.

Exploitation and automatability from CISA’s SSVC triage for CVE-2026-28456.

EPSS Exploitation Probability

via FIRST.org ↗

0.4%probability of exploitation in next 30 days

Lower Risk0.00%

Lower risk than most CVEs35th percentile — riskier than 35% of all scored CVEsHighest risk

EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System) is a daily probability model maintained by FIRST.org. It estimates the likelihood a CVE will be exploited in production environments within the next 30 days, derived from real-world threat intelligence signals.

Real-World Exposure

1 pkg affected

How broadly this vulnerability is actually deployed: weekly install volume shows current usage, and reverse-dependency count shows how many other packages break if it stays unpatched.

133other npm packages depend on this — each one inherits the vulnerability until it's patched upstream

openclawnpm

3.1Mdownloads / week

Description

Summary

OpenClaw Gateway supports hook mappings with optional JavaScript/TypeScript transform modules. In affected versions, the gateway did not sufficiently constrain configured module paths before passing them to dynamic import(). Under some configurations, a user who can modify gateway configuration could cause the gateway process to load and execute an unintended local module.

Impact

Potential code execution in the OpenClaw gateway Node.js process.

This requires access that can modify gateway configuration (for example via the gateway config endpoints). Treat such access as high privilege.

Affected Packages / Versions

npm package: openclaw
Affected: >= 2026.1.5 and <= 2026.2.13

Patched Versions

>= 2026.2.14

Fix Commit(s)

a0361b8ba959e8506dc79d638b6e6a00d12887e4 (restrict hook transform module loading)
35c0e66ed057f1a9f7ad2515fdcef516bd6584ce (harden hooks module loading)

Mitigation

Upgrade to 2026.2.14 or newer.
Avoid exposing gateway configuration endpoints to untrusted networks.
Review config for unsafe values:
- hooks.mappings[].transform.module
- hooks.internal.handlers[].module

Thanks @222n5 for reporting.

Affected Packages

1 total 1 fixed

Ecosystem	Package	Vulnerable range	Fix
📦npm	`openclaw`	≥ 2026.1.5&&< 2026.2.14	2026.2.14`npm install openclaw@2026.2.14`

Detection & mitigation playbook

Open-source dependency

Detect
Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for openclaw, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.
Fix
Update openclaw to 2026.2.14 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms CVE-2026-28456 is resolved across your whole dependency graph.
Workarounds
If you can't upgrade right away: gate or disable the affected feature, validate untrusted input at the boundary, and avoid passing attacker-controlled data into the vulnerable path. O3's runtime protection blocks exploitation in production as an interim safeguard until the upgrade lands.
How O3 protects you
O3 Security's impact-aware SCA analyses which vulnerable code paths your application actually calls, so a match like CVE-2026-28456 can be triaged on real exposure rather than presence alone.

Tailored to CVE-2026-28456. Runtime protection reduces exposure until a permanent patch is applied and verified — it complements patching, it doesn't replace it.

Frequently Asked Questions

## Summary OpenClaw Gateway supports hook mappings with optional JavaScript/TypeScript transform modules. In affected versions, the gateway did not sufficiently constrain configured module paths before passing them to dynamic `import()`. Under some configurations, a user who can modify gateway configuration could cause the gateway process to load and execute an unintended local module. ## Impact Potential code execution in the OpenClaw gateway Node.js process. This requires access that can modify gateway configuration (for example via the gateway config endpoints). Treat such access as hig

O3 Security · Impact-Aware SCA

Is CVE-2026-28456 in your dependencies?

O3 Security finds CVE-2026-28456 across npm dependencies, including transitive ones, and its impact-aware SCA ranks findings by whether your code actually calls the vulnerable path.

Scan my dependencies How O3 SCA works