How severe is CVE-2026-28394?

No CVSS score has been assigned to CVE-2026-28394 yet. Review the advisory details and affected package list to assess your exposure.

Which packages are affected by CVE-2026-28394?

CVE-2026-28394 affects the following packages: openclaw (npm). Ecosystems affected: npm.

How do I fix CVE-2026-28394?

Update openclaw to 2026.2.15 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms CVE-2026-28394 is resolved across your whole dependency graph.

How do I detect CVE-2026-28394 in my npm dependencies?

Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for openclaw, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.

How do I mitigate CVE-2026-28394 if there is no patch (or I can't update yet)?

Cap what an attacker can consume: apply request size, rate and timeout limits in front of the affected component, and run it with memory and CPU limits so exhaustion degrades one worker rather than the whole service.

Is CVE-2026-28394 actively exploited in the wild?

No public exploit code has been indexed for CVE-2026-28394 yet. This does not mean the vulnerability cannot be exploited — absence of public exploits does not imply safety. Apply the recommended fix and use O3 Security to monitor your exposure.

What is the EPSS score for CVE-2026-28394?

CVE-2026-28394 has an EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System) score of 0.5%, placing it in the 40th percentile of all CVEs. EPSS is maintained by FIRST.org and estimates the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited in the wild within the next 30 days. This score indicates relatively lower exploitation probability, though the CVSS severity should still guide your patching priority.

What type of vulnerability is CVE-2026-28394?

CVE-2026-28394 is classified as CWE-770 (CWE-770). This weakness type describe the underlying flaw category, which helps determine the potential impact and the right class of mitigation.

When was CVE-2026-28394 published, and has it been updated?

CVE-2026-28394 was published on March 5, 2026 and was last updated on October 28, 2026. Advisory data evolves as severity scores, affected ranges, and exploit intelligence are revised — always check the latest version of the advisory before acting.

📦 npm

Not in CISA KEV

CVE-2026-28394 — openclaw

Fix: openclaw/openclaw@166cf6a

CVE-2026-28394 is a CWE-770 vulnerability in openclaw. A fix is available for openclaw — see the affected versions and patch details below.

OpenClaw < 2026.2.15 - Denial of Service via Unbounded Response Parsing in web_fetch Tool

Also known asGHSA-p536-vvpp-9mc8

Published

Mar 5, 2026

Updated

Oct 28, 2026

Affected

1 pkg

Patched

1 / 1

Exploits

None indexed

Exploitation data as of Nov 10, 2026 · OSV.dev, NVD, FIRST.org (EPSS)

Exploitation Status

No confirmed exploitation observed yet

CISA’s own triage has not observed active exploitation or public proof-of-concept code for this CVE as of its last assessment.

Exploitation and automatability from CISA’s SSVC triage for CVE-2026-28394.

EPSS Exploitation Probability

via FIRST.org ↗

0.5%probability of exploitation in next 30 days

Lower Risk0.00%

Lower risk than most CVEs40th percentile — riskier than 40% of all scored CVEsHighest risk

Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, from FIRST.org EPSS.

Real-World Exposure

1 pkg affected

How broadly this vulnerability is actually deployed: weekly install volume shows current usage, and reverse-dependency count shows how many other packages break if it stays unpatched.

133other npm packages depend on this — each one inherits the vulnerability until it's patched upstream

openclawnpm

2.9Mdownloads / week

Description

Summary

The web_fetch tool could be used to crash the OpenClaw Gateway process (OOM / resource exhaustion) by fetching and attempting to parse attacker-controlled web pages with oversized response bodies or pathological HTML nesting.

Affected Packages / Versions

Package: openclaw (npm)
Affected versions: <= 2026.2.14
Fixed versions: >= 2026.2.15

Impact

An attacker can social-engineer a user (or any automation that uses web_fetch) into fetching a malicious URL that returns extremely large or deeply nested HTML. The Gateway may exhaust memory or become unresponsive, causing a denial of service.

Fix

The Gateway now caps the downloaded response body size before any HTML parsing and adds additional guards to avoid running Readability/DOM parsing on pathological HTML.

Fix Commit(s)

166cf6a3e04c7df42bea70a7ad5ce2b9df46d147

Release Process Note

This advisory is prepared for the next npm release. Once [email protected] is published, publish this advisory without further edits.

Thanks @xuemian168 for reporting.

Affected Packages

1 total 1 fixed

Ecosystem	Package	Vulnerable range	Fix
📦npm	`openclaw`	all versions	2026.2.15`npm install openclaw@2026.2.15`

Affected Products

1 product · 1 configurations

Application

openclawopenclaw

< 2026.2.15

range

Detection & mitigation playbook

Open-source dependency

Detect
Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for openclaw, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.
Fix
Update openclaw to 2026.2.15 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms CVE-2026-28394 is resolved across your whole dependency graph.
Workarounds
Cap what an attacker can consume: apply request size, rate and timeout limits in front of the affected component, and run it with memory and CPU limits so exhaustion degrades one worker rather than the whole service.

Frequently Asked Questions

### Summary The `web_fetch` tool could be used to crash the OpenClaw Gateway process (OOM / resource exhaustion) by fetching and attempting to parse attacker-controlled web pages with oversized response bodies or pathological HTML nesting. ### Affected Packages / Versions - Package: `openclaw` (npm) - Affected versions: `<= 2026.2.14` - Fixed versions: `>= 2026.2.15` ### Impact An attacker can social-engineer a user (or any automation that uses `web_fetch`) into fetching a malicious URL that returns extremely large or deeply nested HTML. The Gateway may exhaust memory or become unresponsive,

O3 Security · Impact-Aware SCA

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