NIST deprecates RSA-2048 from 2030. Find every one of them before attackers do.
☕
☕ Maven
Not in CISA KEV
CRITICAL severity

CVE-2025-31651 — tomcat-catalina

CRITICALFix: apache/tomcat@066bf6b

CVE-2025-31651 is a critical-severity (CVSS 9.8) CWE-116 vulnerability in org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina. A fix is available for org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina — see the affected versions and patch details below.

Apache Tomcat: Bypass of rules in Rewrite Valve

Also known asBIT-tomcat-2025-31651GHSA-ff77-26x5-69cr
Published
Updated
Affected
8 pkgs
Patched
6 / 8
Exploits
None indexed
Exploitation data as of Nov 1, 2026 · OSV.dev, NVD, FIRST.org (EPSS)

Exploitation Status

No confirmed exploitation observed yet

  • CISA assesses this as automatable — exploitation doesn’t require manual, per-target effort, which raises the odds of mass scanning and opportunistic attacks.
  • A successful exploit gives an attacker total control of the affected component, not partial access.
  • CISA’s own triage has not observed active exploitation or public proof-of-concept code for this CVE as of its last assessment.

Exploitation and automatability from CISA’s SSVC triage for CVE-2025-31651.

EPSS Exploitation Probability

via FIRST.org ↗
4.3%probability of exploitation in next 30 days
Lower Risk+0.07%
Lower risk than most CVEs91th percentile — riskier than 91% of all scored CVEsHighest risk
0.00%1.83%3.65%5.48%0.4%4.3%May 26Aug 26Nov 26

Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, from FIRST.org EPSS.

How urgent is this, really

Where this sits among everything scored

Real-World Exposure

8 pkgs affected
☕org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina☕org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina☕org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina☕org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core☕org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core☕org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core☕org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina☕org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core

Real-time download stats are indexed for npm and PyPI packages. This vulnerability affects Maven packages — download data is not available via public APIs for these ecosystems.

Description

Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible for a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those rewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those constraints could be bypassed.

This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102. The following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are known to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions may also be affected.

Users are recommended to upgrade to version 9.0.104, 10.1.40 or 11.0.6, which fix the issue.

Affected Packages

8 total 6 fixed
EcosystemPackageVulnerable rangeFix
☕Mavenorg.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina≥ 9.0.76&&< 9.0.1049.0.104org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina:9.0.104
☕Mavenorg.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina≥ 10.1.10&&< 10.1.4010.1.40org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina:10.1.40
☕Mavenorg.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina≥ 11.0.0-M2&&< 11.0.611.0.6org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina:11.0.6
☕Mavenorg.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core≥ 9.0.76&&< 9.0.1049.0.104org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core:9.0.104
☕Mavenorg.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core≥ 10.1.10&&< 10.1.4010.1.40org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core:10.1.40
☕Mavenorg.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core≥ 11.0.0-M2&&< 11.0.611.0.6org.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core:11.0.6

Affected Products

1 product · 3 configurations
Application
tomcatapache
≥ 11.0.0 && < 11.0.6
range

Detection & mitigation playbook

Open-source dependency

  1. Detect

    Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.

  2. Fix

    Update org.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina to 9.0.104 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms CVE-2025-31651 is resolved across your whole dependency graph.

  3. Workarounds

    If you can't upgrade right away: gate or disable the affected feature, validate untrusted input at the boundary, and avoid passing attacker-controlled data into the vulnerable path. O3's runtime protection blocks exploitation in production as an interim safeguard until the upgrade lands.

Fixing This On Your OS

If you run this on a Linux distribution, patch through your package manager against the distro's own security advisory below — it tracks the exact backported fix for your release, which can ship on a different timeline (and sometimes a different severity) than the upstream project.

Red HatLow

This vulnerability is rated as Low severity because it only manifests under a narrow set of conditions involving uncommon and non-default rewrite rule configurations that rely on specific patterns in the raw requestURI, including path parameters. In most deployments, rewrite rules operate on decoded and normalized…

Workaround published by Red Hat
No mitigation is currently available that meets Red Hat Product Security’s standards for usability, deployment, applicability, or stability.
Source: Red Hat security advisory for CVE-2025-31651 (CC BY 4.0)
ProductFixed inAdvisory
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10tomcat-1:10.1.36-3.el10_1.1RHSA-2025:23050
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10tomcat9-1:9.0.87-8.el10_1.1RHSA-2025:23052
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10.0 Extended Update Supporttomcat-1:10.1.36-1.el10_0.3RHSA-2025:23051
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10.0 Extended Update Supporttomcat9-1:9.0.87-5.el10_0.4RHSA-2025:23053
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8tomcat-1:9.0.87-1.el8_10.7RHSA-2025:23048
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Advanced Update Supportpki-deps:10.6-8020020260128173505.4cda2c84RHSA-2026:2725
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Advanced Mission Critical Update Supportpki-deps:10.6-8040020260129154709.522a0ee4RHSA-2026:2724
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Advanced Mission Critical Update Supportpki-deps:10.6-8060020260128101437.ad008a3aRHSA-2026:2726
UbuntuCRITICAL
USN-7705-1Ubuntu

Frequently Asked Questions

Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible for a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those rewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those constraints could be bypassed. This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102. The following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are known to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions
O3 Security · Impact-Aware SCA

Is CVE-2025-31651 in your dependencies?

Find it across Maven, including transitive dependencies.

Scan my dependencies How O3 SCA works
CVE-2025-31651: tomcat-catalina — Fixed in 9.0.104