How severe is CVE-2023-28362?

CVE-2023-28362 has a CVSS score of 4/10, rated MEDIUM. Review your exposure and patch according to your risk tolerance.

Which packages are affected by CVE-2023-28362?

CVE-2023-28362 affects the following packages: actionpack (RubyGems), actionpack (RubyGems). Ecosystems affected: RubyGems.

How do I fix CVE-2023-28362?

Update actionpack to 6.1.7.4 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms CVE-2023-28362 is resolved across your whole dependency graph.

How do I detect CVE-2023-28362 in my RubyGems dependencies?

Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for actionpack, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.

How do I mitigate CVE-2023-28362 if there is no patch (or I can't update yet)?

Escape or sanitise the affected output on the server side rather than relying on client-side filtering, and add a Content-Security-Policy that blocks inline script execution so injected markup cannot run even if it reaches the page.

Is CVE-2023-28362 actively exploited in the wild?

No public exploit code has been indexed for CVE-2023-28362 yet. This does not mean the vulnerability cannot be exploited — absence of public exploits does not imply safety. Apply the recommended fix and use O3 Security to monitor your exposure.

What is the EPSS score for CVE-2023-28362?

CVE-2023-28362 has an EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System) score of 0.3%, placing it in the 27th percentile of all CVEs. EPSS is maintained by FIRST.org and estimates the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited in the wild within the next 30 days. This score indicates relatively lower exploitation probability, though the CVSS severity should still guide your patching priority.

What type of vulnerability is CVE-2023-28362?

CVE-2023-28362 is classified as CWE-116 (CWE-116). This weakness type describe the underlying flaw category, which helps determine the potential impact and the right class of mitigation.

When was CVE-2023-28362 published, and has it been updated?

CVE-2023-28362 was published on January 9, 2025 and was last updated on October 28, 2026. Advisory data evolves as severity scores, affected ranges, and exploit intelligence are revised — always check the latest version of the advisory before acting.

💎

💎 RubyGems

Not in CISA KEV

MEDIUM severity

CVE-2023-28362 — actionpack

MEDIUMFix: rails/rails@1c3f93d

CVE-2023-28362 is a medium-severity (CVSS 4) CWE-116 vulnerability in actionpack. A fix is available for actionpack — see the affected versions and patch details below.

Actionpack has possible cross-site scripting vulnerability via User Supplied Values to redirect_to

Also known asGHSA-4g8v-vg43-wpgf

Published

Jan 9, 2025

Updated

Oct 28, 2026

Affected

2 pkgs

Patched

2 / 2

Exploits

None indexed

Exploitation data as of Nov 8, 2026 · OSV.dev, NVD, FIRST.org (EPSS)

Exploitation Status

No confirmed exploitation observed yet

CISA’s own triage has not observed active exploitation or public proof-of-concept code for this CVE as of its last assessment.

Exploitation and automatability from CISA’s SSVC triage for CVE-2023-28362.

EPSS Exploitation Probability

via FIRST.org ↗

0.3%probability of exploitation in next 30 days

Lower Risk0.00%

Lower risk than most CVEs27th percentile — riskier than 27% of all scored CVEsHighest risk

Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, from FIRST.org EPSS.

How urgent is this, really

Where this sits among everything scored

Real-World Exposure

2 pkgs affected

💎actionpack💎actionpack

Real-time download stats are indexed for npm and PyPI packages. This vulnerability affects RubyGems packages — download data is not available via public APIs for these ecosystems.

Description

The redirect_to method in Rails allows provided values to contain characters which are not legal in an HTTP header value. This results in the potential for downstream services which enforce RFC compliance on HTTP response headers to remove the assigned Location header. This vulnerability has been assigned the CVE identifier CVE-2023-28362.

Versions Affected: All. Not affected: None Fixed Versions: 7.0.5.1, 6.1.7.4

Impact

This introduces the potential for a Cross-site-scripting (XSS) payload to be delivered on the now static redirection page. Note that this both requires user interaction and for a Rails app to be configured to allow redirects to external hosts (defaults to false in Rails >= 7.0.x).

Releases

The FIXED releases are available at the normal locations.

Workarounds

Avoid providing user supplied URLs with arbitrary schemes to the redirect_to method.

Affected Packages

2 total 2 fixed

Ecosystem	Package	Vulnerable range	Fix
💎RubyGems	`actionpack`	all versions	6.1.7.4`bundle update actionpack --conservative`
💎RubyGems	`actionpack`	≥ 7.0.0&&< 7.0.5.1	7.0.5.1`bundle update actionpack --conservative`

Detection & mitigation playbook

Open-source dependency

Detect
Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for actionpack, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.
Fix
Update actionpack to 6.1.7.4 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms CVE-2023-28362 is resolved across your whole dependency graph.
Workarounds
Escape or sanitise the affected output on the server side rather than relying on client-side filtering, and add a Content-Security-Policy that blocks inline script execution so injected markup cannot run even if it reaches the page.

Fixing This On Your OS

If you run this on a Linux distribution, patch through your package manager against the distro's own security advisory below — it tracks the exact backported fix for your release, which can ship on a different timeline (and sometimes a different severity) than the upstream project.

Red HatModerate

Product	Fixed in	Advisory
Red Hat Satellite 6.14 for RHEL 8	`rubygem-actionpack-0:6.1.7.4-1.el8sat`	RHSA-2023:7851

Frequently Asked Questions

The `redirect_to` method in Rails allows provided values to contain characters which are not legal in an HTTP header value. This results in the potential for downstream services which enforce RFC compliance on HTTP response headers to remove the assigned Location header. This vulnerability has been assigned the CVE identifier CVE-2023-28362. Versions Affected: All. Not affected: None Fixed Versions: 7.0.5.1, 6.1.7.4 # Impact This introduces the potential for a Cross-site-scripting (XSS) payload to be delivered on the now static redirection page. Note that this both requires user interaction

O3 Security · Impact-Aware SCA

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