How severe is CVE-2021-23425?

CVE-2021-23425 has a CVSS score of 5.3/10, rated MEDIUM. Review your exposure and patch according to your risk tolerance.

Which packages are affected by CVE-2021-23425?

CVE-2021-23425 affects the following packages: trim-off-newlines (npm). Ecosystems affected: npm.

How do I fix CVE-2021-23425?

Update trim-off-newlines to 1.0.3 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms CVE-2021-23425 is resolved across your whole dependency graph.

How do I detect CVE-2021-23425 in my npm dependencies?

Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for trim-off-newlines, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.

How do I mitigate CVE-2021-23425 if there is no patch (or I can't update yet)?

Cap what an attacker can consume: apply request size, rate and timeout limits in front of the affected component, and run it with memory and CPU limits so exhaustion degrades one worker rather than the whole service.

Is CVE-2021-23425 actively exploited in the wild?

No public exploit code has been indexed for CVE-2021-23425 yet. This does not mean the vulnerability cannot be exploited — absence of public exploits does not imply safety. Apply the recommended fix and use O3 Security to monitor your exposure.

What is the EPSS score for CVE-2021-23425?

CVE-2021-23425 has an EPSS (Exploit Prediction Scoring System) score of 1.9%, placing it in the 79th percentile of all CVEs. EPSS is maintained by FIRST.org and estimates the probability that a vulnerability will be exploited in the wild within the next 30 days. This score indicates relatively lower exploitation probability, though the CVSS severity should still guide your patching priority.

When was CVE-2021-23425 published, and has it been updated?

CVE-2021-23425 was published on August 18, 2021 and was last updated on July 9, 2026. Advisory data evolves as severity scores, affected ranges, and exploit intelligence are revised — always check the latest version of the advisory before acting.

📦

📦 npm

Not in CISA KEV

MEDIUM severity

CVE-2021-23425 — trim-off-newlines

MEDIUMFix: stevemao/trim-off-newlines#3

CVE-2021-23425 is a medium-severity (CVSS 5.3) vulnerability in trim-off-newlines. A fix is available for trim-off-newlines — see the affected versions and patch details below.

Uncontrolled Resource Consumption in trim-off-newlines

Also known asGHSA-38fc-wpqx-33j7

Published

Aug 18, 2021

Updated

Jul 9, 2026

Affected

1 pkg

Patched

1 / 1

Exploits

None indexed

Exploitation data as of Oct 6, 2026 · OSV.dev, NVD, FIRST.org (EPSS)

EPSS Exploitation Probability

via FIRST.org ↗

1.9%probability of exploitation in next 30 days

Lower Risk0.00%

Lower risk than most CVEs79th percentile — riskier than 79% of all scored CVEsHighest risk

Probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, from FIRST.org EPSS.

How urgent is this, really

CVE-2021-23425 by exploitation likelihood (EPSS) against impact (CVSS). Outside the shaded patch-first corner.

Where this sits among everything scored

Of 385,987 CVEs with a current EPSS score, this one falls in the < 10% band (highlighted). Counts from FIRST.org, log-scaled.

Real-World Exposure

1 pkg affected

How broadly this vulnerability is actually deployed: weekly install volume shows current usage, and reverse-dependency count shows how many other packages break if it stays unpatched.

75other npm packages depend on this — each one inherits the vulnerability until it's patched upstream

trim-off-newlinesnpm

625Kdownloads / week

Description

All versions of package trim-off-newlines are vulnerable to Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) via string processing.

Affected Packages

1 total 1 fixed

Ecosystem	Package	Vulnerable range	Fix
📦npm	`trim-off-newlines`	all versions	1.0.3`npm install trim-off-newlines@1.0.3`

Affected Products

1 product · 1 configurations

Application

trim-off-newlinestrim-off-newlines_project

< 1.0.3

range

Detection & mitigation playbook

Open-source dependency

Detect
Scan your dependency tree (package-lock.json, pnpm-lock.yaml, requirements.txt, go.sum, etc.) for trim-off-newlines, including transitive dependencies — a direct dependency you never call can still pull in a vulnerable version.
Fix
Update trim-off-newlines to 1.0.3 or later, then make sure no transitive (indirect) dependency still pins the vulnerable range — O3 confirms CVE-2021-23425 is resolved across your whole dependency graph.
Workarounds
Cap what an attacker can consume: apply request size, rate and timeout limits in front of the affected component, and run it with memory and CPU limits so exhaustion degrades one worker rather than the whole service.

Fixing This On Your OS

If you run this on a Linux distribution, patch through your package manager against the distro's own security advisory below — it tracks the exact backported fix for your release, which can ship on a different timeline (and sometimes a different severity) than the upstream project.

Red HatModerate

The Red Hat Directory Server 11 Web UI requires trim-off-newlines as a dependency, but it is not used in the 389-ds cockpit plugin, and not shipped as part of the RPM binary. Thus Red Hat Directory Server 11 is not affected by this flaw.

Product	Fixed in	Advisory
Red Hat Virtualization Engine 4.4	`ovirt-engine-ui-extensions-0:1.3.3-1.el8ev`	RHSA-2022:4711

Frequently Asked Questions

All versions of package trim-off-newlines are vulnerable to Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS) via string processing.

O3 Security · Impact-Aware SCA

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