{"id":"CVE-2026-48712","aliases":["GHSA-wcpc-wj8m-hjx6"],"url":"https://o3.security/vulnerability/CVE-2026-48712","summary":"protobufjs: Denial of service through unbounded Any expansion during JSON conversion","details":"## Summary\n\nprotobufjs could recurse without a depth limit while converting decoded messages to plain objects or JSON. This affected generated `toObject()` conversion and the custom `google.protobuf.Any` JSON conversion path.\n\nA crafted protobuf binary payload containing deeply nested `Any` values could cause the JavaScript call stack to be exhausted during conversion to JSON.\n\n## Impact\n\nAn attacker who can provide protobuf binary data decoded by an application may be able to crash the process or otherwise cause message conversion to fail with a stack overflow.\n\nThis affects applications that decode untrusted protobuf input containing `google.protobuf.Any` values and then convert decoded messages to JSON or plain objects with JSON conversion enabled, for example through `JSON.stringify(message)`, `Message#toJSON()`, or `Type.toObject(message, { json: true })`.\n\nApplications that only decode and re-encode protobuf binary data without converting decoded messages to JSON are not directly affected by this issue.\n\n## Preconditions\n\n* The application must decode protobuf binary data influenced by an attacker.\n* The application schema must include `google.protobuf.Any`, and the referenced `type_url` must resolve to a message type in the loaded protobuf root.\n* The application must convert the decoded message to JSON or a plain object through an affected conversion path.\n* The crafted input must contain deeply nested `Any` values that are expanded during conversion.\n\n## Workarounds\n\nAvoid converting untrusted protobuf messages containing `google.protobuf.Any` values to JSON with affected versions. If immediate upgrade is not possible, reject or limit messages with deeply nested `Any` payloads at an outer protocol boundary where feasible, avoid JSON conversion of untrusted `Any` values, or isolate message conversion in a process that can be safely restarted.","published":"2026-06-22T16:21:21.506Z","modified":"2026-08-12T03:51:39.973573097Z","cvss":{"score":7.5,"severity":"HIGH","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H"},"epss":{"score":0.0046,"percentile":0.38188,"asOf":"2026-09-01"},"cisaKev":null,"exploitsKnown":0,"affectedPackages":[{"ecosystem":"npm","name":"protobufjs","fixedVersion":"7.6.1"},{"ecosystem":"npm","name":"protobufjs","fixedVersion":"8.4.1"}],"fix":null,"references":[{"type":"ADVISORY","url":"https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelistV5/tree/main/cves/2026/48xxx/CVE-2026-48712.json"},{"type":"ADVISORY","url":"https://github.com/protobufjs/protobuf.js/security/advisories/GHSA-wcpc-wj8m-hjx6"},{"type":"ADVISORY","url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-48712"},{"type":"PACKAGE","url":"https://github.com/protobufjs/protobuf.js"}],"provenance":{"sources":["OSV.dev","FIRST.org (EPSS)"],"lastVerified":"2026-08-12T03:51:39.973573097Z"}}